Reductionism in Art and Brain science
<New words>
nativist...生得論者
subvert...覆す
deem ~ seem
intrinsically ... 本質的に
cerebral cortex ... 大脳皮質
wrinkle ...シワ
cornea... 角膜
periphery...周辺
elaborate...精巧な
discern ... 見定める
preattentive ... 前向きな
reappraise...再評価する
comprise ... 含む
amyglada...扁桃体
predicate...述べる
delineat...描く
prompt...促す
chromosome...染色体
decipher ... 解読
ramification ... 分岐
amenable...じゅうじゅんな
forge ... 築く（捏造する）
fondest...一番の
sea snail
respiratory...呼吸器
imminent...差し迫った
prodigy... 天才
consolidate...とうごうする
holistic ... 全体の
render ... という状態にする
defiant ... 反抗的な
hazy ... 霞む
sarcastically ... 皮肉な
embryonic ... 胎児の
haystack ... 干草の山
cataract...白内障
impairment...減損
oval...楕円形の
mural...壁画
atonality...無調
prescient...先見の明
treatise...論文
sublime ... 崇高な
interlock ... 連結する、結合する
distill...かもす
contour ... 輪郭
fortuitous ... 偶然
oblique ... 斜めの
pulsating ... 脈動
fuse ... 溶け込む
evocatively ... 刺激的に
caress...愛撫
excavation...発掘
C1
Abstract art ~ Brain science (perception)
particular art → Abstract art
Concrete experiments → Theory
C2
Bottom-up learning / Top-down learning(Suppressing → creativity)
C3：THE BIOLOGY OF THE BEHOLDER'S SHARE
we can't see the world as it is
→1.the bottom-up, 2.emotional reason
1. 3D →our retina changes to 2D
supply incomplete information
brain working system to see things
separate where and what
face recognition←inferior temporal cortex
human beings essential facial expression we can see innate not learned
face patches
...responds better to cartoons which are exaggerated
luminous value also affects recognition
information about touching and seeing is processed in the same place
C3: THE BIOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MEMORY
reductionism of biology
gene(chemical component) ~ DNA
can we apply reductionism to the brain which has a complex structure?
1. how do we learn
2. how do we remember
3. how do learning and remembering relate to top-down processing in our response to works of art
biological evolution/slow
1.learning/rapid
associative learning ... classical conditioning/associate two stimuli with each other/operant conditioning/associate a stimulus with a response
2.declarative(hippocampus),stored in the cortex /nondeclarative memory(cerebellum),many regions of the brain
aggregated field theory/cellular connectionist theory
reductionism - using sea snail
Aplysia's brain - 10 clusters called ganglia
reflection - invariant
how to change behavior
←learning changes the strength of the connections between neurons = memory
short-term memory - 1 trial
long-term memory - 5 trials reinforce synapses(grow of a new one)
the brain's potential for modification appears to vary not only with
abstract art mostly relies on a top-down process↓
C5: REDUCTIONISM IN THE EMERGENCE OF ABSTRACT ART
Ex) Turner : Snowstorm / Calais Pier(realism)
"atmospheric", "all without form"
just paint the same thing as real... "dreary chore of mimesis"
→Monet impressionism, lilies
→music is also an abstract form
Schoenberg introduced a new conception of harmony that had no central key = atonality
Kandinsky ~ cubism
art need not represent objects
C6: MONDRIAN AND THE RADICAL REDUCTION OF THE FIGURATIVE IMAGE
Mondrian: eliminating altogether the sense of perspective
nerves primary responds to simple lines and edges
→Mondrian came to paint lines(vertical and horizontal) by three colors to express his ideal of the universal harmony inherent in all of the arts
Neo-Plasticism in Pictorial Art
C7: THE NEWYORK SCHOOL OF PAINTERS
Ex)
